Germanium
32
Ge
Gruppe
14
Periode
4
Block
p
Protonen
Elektronen
Neutronen
32
32
41
Generelle Eigenschaften
Ordnungszahl
32
Atommasse
72,63
Massenzahl
73
Kategorie
Halbmetalle
Farbe
Grau
Radioaktiv
Nein
Aus dem Lateinischen Germania (Deutschland)
Kristallstruktur
Kubisch flächenzentriert
Geschichte
In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties based on its position on his periodic table and called the element eka-silicon.
In 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite.
The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955.
In 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite.
The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955.
Elektronen pro Schale
2, 8, 18, 4
Elektronenkonfiguration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Germanium and the oxide are transparent to infrared radiation
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Aggregatzustand
Fest
Dichte
5,323 g/cm3
Schmelzpunkt
1211,4 K | 938,25 °C | 1720,85 °F
Siedepunkt
3106,15 K | 2833 °C | 5131,4 °F
Schmelzwärme
31,8 kJ/mol
Verdampfungswärme
334 kJ/mol
Spezifische Wärmekapazität
0,32 J/g·K
Häufigkeit in der Erdkruste
0,00014%
Häufigkeit im Universum
0,00002%
CAS-Nummer
7440-56-4
PubChem CID-Nummer
6326954
Atomeigenschaften
Atomradius
122 pm
Kovalenter Radius
122 pm
Elektronegativität
2,01 (Pauling-Skala)
Ionisierungsenergie
7,8994 eV
Molares Volumen
13,6 cm3/mol
Wärmeleitfähigkeit
0,599 W/cm·K
Oxidationszustände
-4, 1, 2, 3, 4
Anwendung
The most common use of germanium is as a semiconductor in electronics.
Germanium is used in transistors and in integrated circuits.
It is used as an alloying agent and as a catalyst.
It is also used in infrared spectroscopes and infrared detectors.
Germanium is used in transistors and in integrated circuits.
It is used as an alloying agent and as a catalyst.
It is also used in infrared spectroscopes and infrared detectors.
Germanium is not known to be toxic
Isotope
Stabile Isotope
70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74GeInstabile Isotope
58Ge, 59Ge, 60Ge, 61Ge, 62Ge, 63Ge, 64Ge, 65Ge, 66Ge, 67Ge, 68Ge, 69Ge, 71Ge, 75Ge, 76Ge, 77Ge, 78Ge, 79Ge, 80Ge, 81Ge, 82Ge, 83Ge, 84Ge, 85Ge, 86Ge, 87Ge, 88Ge, 89Ge